Organic Evolution and Universal Entropy

The organic evolution of a growing system follows a positive evolutionary principle, i.e., an increase in the rate of resource acquisition, until reaching a point of equilibrium or static evolutionary situation, i.e., = 0. Near this zone of organic evolutionary path, we always observe diversification and specialization in the action of system elements. This specialization of individual system elements leads to the necessity of an opposing force of mutual coordination between parts. If this succeeds, we then witness the emergence of a super-organism or rather a new system in organic evolution of a magnitude greater than the previous one. Through this process we have witnessed in the history of biological evolution the transition from protists to fungi, plants and animals; from single individuals to herds and colonies; from individual nuclear families to cities; from cities to regions; from regions to states; from states to federations; and so on. At each scale transition, the previous system becomes the cell or fundamental element of the superior system.

SECOND PART

If in the first part of this writing we presented some characteristic traits of what we consider to be the organic evolution of a system, in this second part we want to indicate some natural phenomena on which in our opinion it would be worthwhile to conduct a deeper investigation using the theoretical tools previously indicated. Unfortunately, each chapter of this writing would deserve an entire monograph to be treated exhaustively and a rigorous text of this type would have become inaccessible to a large part of readers. We have thus preferred to provide only hints and indications, reserving to develop each of the arguments in detail in an appropriate venue.

The Organic Evolution of the Universe

Previously we spoke of the entropy of a system and noted that, in the case of a closed system, the second law of thermodynamics states that every physical process produces an increase in the Entropy S of the system. This means that, if we suppose the Universe as a closed system, the entropy of the Universe has always been increasing from the beginning of its formation until now. A logical reasoning tells us that if this is effectively the case and universal Entropy has always been increasing from the birth of the Universe to today, then the Universe must have begun its development with extremely low entropy, so low as to permit all those physical processes of myriads and myriads of Galaxies, stars, planets for billions of years without ever reaching the maximum entropic limit.

Indeed, a maximum entropy limit that the Universe can support exists. Scientific consensus tells us that a general estimate of the maximum entropy of the Universe can be obtained by considering all the observable mass of the Universe concentrated in a hypothetical black hole. Such entropy is proportional to the square of the black hole's mass and more precisely $S_{BN} = \frac{2G}{ch}M^2k$, where G is Newton's gravitational constant, c the speed of light, h Planck's constant and k is Boltzmann's constant. Such calculation would lead to an estimate of the maximum Entropy of the Universe of about $S_{Max} \approx 10^{121}k$.

At the same time, current cosmological investigations indicate an absence of supermassive black holes in the early formation of the Universe, so the Entropy at the initial stage of the Universe can be estimated simply by considering universal energy in its various forms and therefore (see [2]) of the order $S \approx 10^{89}k$, or 32 orders of magnitude lower.

The low initial entropy state of the Universe is not meaningless data, but testimony to the fact that the Universe, at its initial stage, is the fruit of a gestation process. As previously treated, when in Nature we observe systems with low entropy, we automatically know that these are the fruit of organic evolution and a series of syntropic processes that have lowered their entropy. If, for example, we were to see a chicken egg, or a system of atoms in an extremely particular configuration and low entropy, we would naturally consider it as the fruit of a syntropic gestation process. In the same way, if we were to encounter a refined crystal glass, we would immediately deduce that such artifact is the fruit of careful work, evidently operated by an expert craftsman. But we would not stop there: given that the most important law governing organic evolution is that of finality, at the sight of configurations with such low entropy as an egg or a crystal glass, we would question ourselves about the purpose of these systems. The logical conclusion of these reasonings...